概述

　　大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) (steels for largeforging)，是(shi)(shi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)制(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)產和(he)(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個 工(gong)(gong)業開(kai)展(zhan)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)象(xiang)征(zheng)之一(yi)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，截面(mian)很厚(hou)(hou)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)金(jin)(jin)規劃和(he)(he)(he)(he)出(chu)(chu)(chu)產技(ji)能(neng)(neng)上(shang)(shang)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)許多(duo)特(te)(te)色：為(wei)(wei)確保鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)上(shang)(shang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)爐(lu)(lu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)上(shang)(shang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)(te)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)錠(ding)(ding)型(xing)(xing)(xing);為(wei)(wei)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)、保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)時刻長，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)易(yi)粗(cu)(cu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)比小(xiao)、變(bian)形不均勻、易(yi)呈現混(hun)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)疑問(wen)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)制(zhi)作(zuo)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)上(shang)(shang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)采納(na)相應(ying)措施;為(wei)(wei)確保杰(jie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)納(na)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)調質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);為(wei)(wei)確保厚(hou)(hou)截面(mian)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淬(cui)(cui)透(tou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，添加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎳、鉻、鉬等(deng)(deng)合(he)金(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素。廣義(yi)地說，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)述特(te)(te)征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)作(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)總(zong)稱大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)。 修(xiu)改本(ben)段分類 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)按用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不一(yi)樣分類，首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可分為(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)。 轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) 轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)站設備(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。依據作(zuo)業壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不一(yi)樣，汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)可分為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)(he)(he)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)三(san)種;發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1500～3000r/mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)下作(zuo)業，并(bing)(bing)接(jie)受無窮(qiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離心力(li)(li)(li)、傳遞扭矩和(he)(he)(he)(he)彎曲應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)，因(yin)而(er)對(dui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，不只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)塑耐(nai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，并(bing)(bing)且需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)除(chu)上(shang)(shang)述需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)外，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen) (400～565℃)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(90Pa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒸汽(qi)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下長時刻作(zuo)業。因(yin)而(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)除(chu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)力(li)(li)(li)學功(gong)能(neng)(neng)外，還需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杰(jie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。當前，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學成(cheng)分.基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)都(dou)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鎳一(yi)鉻一(yi)鉬一(yi)釩系列(lie)。當鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎳含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)于3.0%時，直(zhi)徑超越1m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，其心部(bu)也(ye)(ye)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杰(jie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淬(cui)(cui)透(tou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，并(bing)(bing)可取(qu)得(de)強(qiang)耐(nai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)匹配杰(jie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下貝氏(shi)體(ti)安排(pai)(pai)(pai)。 冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) 冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)、很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)(gong)況(kuang)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下作(zuo)業，接(jie)受無窮(qiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動載荷和(he)(he)(he)(he)靜載荷，因(yin)而(er)，軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)外表(biao)(biao)易(yi)發生(sheng)毛面(mian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)磨損等(deng)(deng)缺(que)點(dian)，軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)間孔和(he)(he)(he)(he)外表(biao)(biao)易(yi)發生(sheng)疲憊裂紋，直(zhi)接(jie)影響軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命。為(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)步軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命，需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、滿(man)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外表(biao)(biao)淬(cui)(cui)硬(ying)層、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗(kang)外表(biao)(biao)脫落性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)耐(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)沖擊性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。當前，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學成(cheng)分基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)都(dou)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉻系合(he)金(jin)(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)，如(ru)，9Cr、9Cr2、9CrSi、9CrV、9Cr2.0、9Cr2W、等(deng)(deng)，近(jin)幾年又增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)了Cr3、Cr5系列(lie)，Cr6鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研制(zhi)也(ye)(ye)已開(kai)端(duan)實驗。 壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) 壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)跟著電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)、化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)石油等(deng)(deng)各類反應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、鍋爐(lu)(lu)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)向(xiang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)參數大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)開(kai)展(zhan)，其構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)也(ye)(ye)逐步由(you)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)板焊(han)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)，向(xiang)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)焊(han)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)開(kai)展(zhan)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步向(xiang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)純(chun)化(hua)(hua)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)耐(nai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)開(kai)展(zhan)(參見(jian)反應(ying)堆耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)殼體(ti)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang))。 出(chu)(chu)(chu)產技(ji)能(neng)(neng)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包含鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 修(xiu)改本(ben)段鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技(ji)能(neng)(neng) 鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)制(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)30到(dao)幾百噸范圍(wei)內(nei)(nei)。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)越大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，偏(pian)析(xi)等(deng)(deng)冶(ye)金(jin)(jin)缺(que)點(dian)越嚴(yan)峻。因(yin)而(er)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)十(shi)分嚴(yan)格。為(wei)(wei)確保鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)特(te)(te)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩臺以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)爐(lu)(lu)聯合(he)配爐(lu)(lu)澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)，這樣就不必(bi)增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)單爐(lu)(lu)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，減(jian)小(xiao)因(yin)澆(jiao)(jiao)注時刻長對(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)資(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐蝕和(he)(he)(he)(he)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)水(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下降(jiang)。鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)時有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精(jing)選(xuan)(xuan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)料，嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)不易(yi)去除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害元(yuan)素如(ru)硼(peng)、銅(tong)、錫、銻(ti)、砷等(deng)(deng)。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)可選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)弧爐(lu)(lu)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)(deng)，初煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)水(shui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)行爐(lu)(lu)外精(jing)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)真空脫氣(qi)， *大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)極限下降(jiang)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)、磷(lin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)氣(qi)體(ti)含量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)取(qu)得(de)硫(liu)、磷(lin)均低(di)(di)于0.005%、氫低(di)(di)于2%、氧低(di)(di)于30%，氮低(di)(di)于40%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)純(chun)潔(jie)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)。為(wei)(wei)削減(jian)偏(pian)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)缺(que)點(dian)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)注技(ji)能(neng)(neng)，如(ru)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)澆(jiao)(jiao)注法(fa)、空心鑄(zhu)錠(ding)(ding)法(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)定向(xiang)凝結(jie)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)法(fa)等(deng)(deng)。 鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩個，一(yi)是(shi)(shi)將鑄(zhu)錠(ding)(ding)經(jing)濟(ji)地鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)制(zhi)成(cheng)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀毛坯，即成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing);二(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)改進(jin)(jin)金(jin)(jin)屬安排(pai)(pai)(pai)，經(jing)過鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)損壞鑄(zhu)錠(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)態安排(pai)(pai)(pai)，使(shi)(shi)安排(pai)(pai)(pai)均勻化(hua)(hua)，使(shi)(shi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)細(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)，使(shi)(shi)氣(qi)孔、疏松、縮孔等(deng)(deng)缺(que)點(dian)焊(han)合(he)。通(tong)常(chang)(chang)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠(ding)(ding)都(dou)由(you)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)車間直(zhi)接(jie)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)送到(dao)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)壓(ya)(ya)車間。為(wei)(wei)使(shi)(shi)缺(que)點(dian)焊(han)合(he)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)進(jin)(jin)行，首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)由(you)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)。 熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)效應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)個的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)色，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)充(chong)沛(pei)思考大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)金(jin)(jin)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬時應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)剩(sheng)余應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)、相變(bian)潛熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)對(dui)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)和(he)(he)(he)(he)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻進(jin)(jin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響、回火(huo)脆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)安排(pai)(pai)(pai)細(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩種：榜(bang)(bang)首熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)第二(er)(er)(er)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 榜(bang)(bang)首熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)稱鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)后(hou)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)是(shi)(shi)防止(zhi)發生(sheng)白點(dian)、進(jin)(jin)步化(hua)(hua)學成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、細(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)安排(pai)(pai)(pai)、消(xiao)除(chu)混(hun)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)表(biao)(biao)象(xiang)等(deng)(deng)，為(wei)(wei)超聲(sheng)波(bo)探傷和(he)(he)(he)(he)終(zhong)究功(gong)能(neng)(neng)發明(ming)(ming)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)安排(pai)(pai)(pai)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，為(wei)(wei)下降(jiang)硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)消(xiao)除(chu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)便于粗(cu)(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)發明(ming)(ming)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。若在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)進(jin)(jin)程中(zhong)(zhong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫含量(liang)降(jiang)至2%以(yi)(yi)下時，則(ze)榜(bang)(bang)首熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)將首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)思考晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)細(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)消(xiao)除(chu)混(hun)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)表(biao)(biao)象(xiang)。 第二(er)(er)(er)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)即終(zhong)究功(gong)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，其首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)粗(cu)(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)取(qu)得(de)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) *佳安排(pai)(pai)(pai)，以(yi)(yi)確保大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杰(jie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)歸(gui)納(na)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。第二(er)(er)(er)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)調質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、正(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)回火(huo)、正(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)時效等(deng)(deng)。對(dui)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，如(ru)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)，其終(zhong)究熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)回火(huo)，以(yi)(yi)滿(man)足(zu)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。 修(xiu)改本(ben)段大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)注意(yi)事項(xiang) 一(yi)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)時一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)緩(huan)慢，分段加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，奧化(hua)(hua)保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)充(chong)沛(pei)，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)臺車爐(lu)(lu)干為(wei)(wei)主。 二(er)(er)(er)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)低(di)(di)合(he)金(jin)(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)直(zhi)接(jie)淬(cui)(cui)鹽水(shui)，中(zhong)(zhong)碳(tan)合(he)金(jin)(jin)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)以(yi)(yi)水(shui)油雙(shuang)液淬(cui)(cui)對(dui)比保險，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)逗(dou)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時刻以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)核算，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)資(zi)料書(shu)里都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。 三(san)、新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)劑(ji)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合(he)適(shi)形狀簡略、資(zi)料和(he)(he)(he)(he)商品單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，個人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定見(jian)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)，條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不具(ju)(ju)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仍(reng)是(shi)(shi)不上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)妙。 四、必(bi)須了件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)狀況(kuang)，檢測(ce)其顯微安排(pai)(pai)(pai)是(shi)(shi)必(bi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，特(te)(te)別魏氏(shi)安排(pai)(pai)(pai)嚴(yan)峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)消(xiao)除(chu)。